Biblical Cumulative Lifespans (‘Long’) Chronologies

Comparing the Masoretic Text (MT), Samaritan Pentateuch (SP), and Septuagint (LXX)

The ‘Long’ or ‘Cumulative’ method (two terms for the same approach) extends the timeline by adding the lifespans of each patriarch, from Adam to Moses, end-to-end. This approach differs from the traditional method, which marks the birth of each subsequent son to calculate the chronology.

This alternative method provides a broader interpretive framework for understanding the genealogical data in Genesis 5 and 11. Comparing this against the regular method evinces patterns reliant on one another, revealing a sophisticated interaction between the two chronologies. These interconnected numeric patterns suggest deliberate theological messaging, underscoring the significance of cumulative chronologies in biblical scholarship. However, their study has been limited, often due to skepticism about schematic designs in ancient texts or doubts about the sophisticated mathematical capabilities of ancient scribes.

  • MT (Masoretic Text): The traditional Hebrew text used as the basis for most modern Bible translations.
  • SP (Samaritan Pentateuch): The text used by the Samaritan community differs from the MT in some details.
  • LXX (Septuagint): The ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, which sometimes contains different numbers and an additional generation (Cainan) between Arphaxad and Shelah.

Note: Dates are calculated backward from a fixed point, accumulating lifespans. The three-year spans reflect the difference between tracing the lineage through Moses or his older brother Aaron, both descendants of Levi (Exodus 6:16-20). This three-year difference extends back to Adam.

The seven-year ‘Full Span’ incorporates this three-year span and adds a ±2 year range. This additional range is derived from textual details surrounding Shem’s age at the Flood and the birth of Arphaxad (Genesis 11:10). It reflects the implied age differences among Noah’s sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth (Genesis 5:32, 9:24, 10:21).

The textual ambiguity appears intentional, creating a seven-year span that echoes the seven days of Creation (Genesis 1-2:3). This provides a symbolic framework of seven-year periods.

MT Cumulative (‘Long’) Chronology Table

Dates marked with an asterisk (*) represent the cumulative lifespans from Adam to the births of Aaron and Moses. Aaron and Moses were born 3 (or 3.5) years apart.

Patriarch3-yr gap of Aaron/Moses (BC)7-yr Span
forwarded		Lifespan (years)
Adam*14009 – 1400614011 – 14004930
Seth*13079 – 1307613081 – 13074912
Enos*12167 – 1216412169 – 12162905
Kenan*11262 – 1125911264 – 11257910
Mahalaleel*10352 – 1034910354 – 10347895
Jared*9457 – 94549459 – 9452962
Enoch*8495 – 84928497 – 8490365
Methuselah*8130 – 81278132 – 8125969
Lamech*7161 – 71587163 – 7156777
Noah*6384 – 63816386 – 6379950
Shem*5434 – 54315436 – 5429600
Flood to Arphaxad:
“Shem, Ham & Japheth” allow ±2		*4834 – 48314836 – 4829±2
Arphaxad*4834-48314836-4829438
Shelah*4396 – 43934398 – 4391433
Eber*3963 – 39603965 – 3958464
Peleg*3499 – 34963501 – 3494239
Reu*3260 – 32573262 – 3255239
Serug*3021 – 30183023 – 3016230
Nahor*2791 – 27882793 – 2786148
Terah*2643 – 26402645 – 2638205
Abraham*2438 – 24352440 – 2433175
Isaac*2263 – 22602265 – 2258180
Jacob*2083 – 20802085 – 2078147
Levi*1936 – 19331938 – 1931137
Kohath*1799 – 17961801 – 1794133
Amram*1666 – 16631668 – 1661137
Aaron/Moses*1530/15261531/1524123.5/120
Death: Aaron/Moses*1407/1406NA(Exodus *1446)
Joshua begins a new line1296NA110
Notes:
1. The seven-year column is the result of the 3-year gap between Aaron and Moses, with the ±2 years due to the 2-year anomaly at Shem (2+3+2=7).
2. Aaron and Moses are brothers. Aaron is 3.5 years older than Moses.
3. If 2nd Cainan (as found in the LXX) is included, all dates from Cainan to Arphaxad, Shem, Noah, and Adam are shifted 460 years earlier, reflecting Cainan’s lifespan of 460 years. For example, Cainan’s 460 years span 4856–4396 BC, shifting Creation from 14006 BC to 14466 BC and the Flood from 4836–4829 BC to 5296–5289 BC.
4. The SP “120 yrs to the Flood” precisely aligns with the MT Flood (MT Flood: 4836-4829 to SP Flood: 4716-4709 BC), Gen. 6:3. Overlaying Shem’s 600 years in both chronologies reveals spans of 360 and 360 + 360, implying intentional design. Hence, the 120 may safely be included in chronologies, although omitted here. In the MT, the “120 yrs to the Flood” is precisely 70 x 7 x 7 yrs (3430 yrs) before Moses’ 120-yr lifespan, suggesting design based on 70 jubilees of 49 yrs, correlating with the LXX’s 4900 yrs from Shem to the Exodus.

5. The Exodus marks the ‘birth’ of Israel as a nation in 1446 BC.

Below is the complete MT Cumulative (‘Long’) Chronology Table updated to include the optional 460 years of the 2nd Cainan as found in the Septuagint (LXX). The table now features additional columns showing the adjusted dates for each patriarch when the 2nd Cainan is included.

MT Cumulative (‘Long’) Chronology Table with 2nd Cainan Included

Dates marked with an asterisk (*) represent the cumulative lifespans from Adam to the births of Aaron and Moses. Aaron and Moses were born 3 (or 3.5) years apart.

Key:

  • Original Dates: Based on the Masoretic Text (MT) without the 2nd Cainan.
  • Adjusted Dates with 2nd Cainan: Dates adjusted to include the 460-year lifespan of the 2nd Cainan between Arphaxad and Shelah.
Patriarch3-yr Gap of Aaron/Moses (BC)7-yr Span ForwardedLifespan (years)3-yr Gap with 2nd Cainan (BC)7-yr Span with 2nd Cainan (Forwarded)
Adam*14009 – 1400614011 – 14004930*14469 – 1446614471 – 14464
Seth*13079 – 1307613081 – 13074912*13539 – 1353613541 – 13534
Enos*12167 – 1216412169 – 12162905*12627 – 1262412629 – 12622
Kenan*11262 – 1125911264 – 11257910*11722 – 1171911724 – 11717
Mahalaleel*10352 – 1034910354 – 10347895*10812 – 1080910814 – 10807
Jared*9457 – 94549459 – 9452962*9917 – 99149919 – 9912
Enoch*8495 – 84928497 – 8490365*8955 – 89528957 – 8950
Methuselah*8130 – 81278132 – 8125969*8590 – 85878592 – 8585
Lamech*7161 – 71587163 – 7156777*7621 – 76187623 – 7616
Noah*6384 – 63816386 – 6379950*6844 – 68416846 – 6839
Shem*5434 – 54315436 – 5429600*5894 – 58915896 – 5889
Flood to Arphaxad:*4834 – 48314836 – 4829±2*5294 – 52915296 – 5289
Arphaxad*4834 – 48314836 – 4829438*5294 – 52915296 – 5289
CainanN/AN/A460*4856 – 48534858 – 4851
Shelah*4396 – 43934398 – 4391433*4396 – 43934398 – 4391
Eber*3963 – 39603965 – 3958464*3963 – 39603965 – 3958
Peleg*3499 – 34963501 – 3494239*3499 – 34963501 – 3494
Reu*3260 – 32573262 – 3255239*3260 – 32573262 – 3255
Serug*3021 – 30183023 – 3016230*3021 – 30183023 – 3016
Nahor*2791 – 27882793 – 2786148*2791 – 27882793 – 2786
Terah*2643 – 26402645 – 2638205*2643 – 26402645 – 2638
Abraham*2438 – 24352440 – 2433175*2438 – 24352440 – 2433
Isaac*2263 – 22602265 – 2258180*2263 – 22602265 – 2258
Jacob*2083 – 20802085 – 2078147*2083 – 20802085 – 2078
Levi*1936 – 19331938 – 1931137*1936 – 19331938 – 1931
Kohath*1799 – 17961801 – 1794133*1799 – 17961801 – 1794
Amram*1666 – 16631668 – 1661137*1666 – 16631668 – 1661
Aaron/Moses*1530 / 15261531 / 1524123.5 / 120*1530 / 15261531 / 1524
Death: Aaron/Moses*1407 / 1406N/A(Exodus *1446)*1407 / 1406N/A
Joshua begins a new line1296N/A1101296N/A

Notes:

  1. Adjustment Method:
    • For patriarchs from Adam to Arphaxad, the adjusted dates are calculated by adding 460 years to the original dates, reflecting the inclusion of the 2nd Cainan’s lifespan.
    • From Shelah onward, the dates remain unchanged because the additional 460 years have already been accounted for between Arphaxad and Shelah.
  2. Impact on Chronology:
    • Adam to Arphaxad: Dates are shifted earlier by 460 years (higher BC numbers) due to the inclusion of Cainan’s 460-year lifespan.
    • Shelah to Joshua: Dates remain the same as in the original chronology.
  3. Explanation of Shifts:
    • Including the 2nd Cainan adds to the cumulative total from Adam to Shelah, causing the dates of earlier patriarchs to shift earlier.
    • The lifespan of Cainan (460 years) is inserted between Arphaxad and Shelah, extending the timeline.
  4. Aaron and Moses:
    • Their dates and lifespans remain unchanged, as they are beyond the point where the 460-year adjustment applies.
  5. Exodus Date:
    • The Exodus remains at 1446 BC, marking the ‘birth’ of Israel as a nation.

LXX Cumulative (‘Long’) Chronology Table

Dates marked with an asterisk (*) represent the cumulative lifespans from Adam to the births of Aaron and Moses. Aaron and Moses were born 3 (or 3.5) years apart.
Patriarch3-yr gap of Aaron/Moses (BC)7-yr Span
forwarded		Lifespan (years)
Adam*14899 – 1489614901 – 14894930
Seth*13969 – 1396613971 – 13964912
Enos*13057 – 1305413059 – 13052905
Kenan*12152 – 1214912154 – 12147910
Mahalaleel*11242 – 1123911244 – 11237895
Jared*10347 – 1034410349 – 10342962
Enoch*9385 – 93829387 – 9380365
Methuselah*9020 – 90179022 – 9015969
Lamech*8051 – 80488053 – 8046753
Noah*7298 – 72957300 – 7293950
Shem *6348 – 63456350 – 6343600
Flood to Arphaxad:
“Shem, Ham & Japheth” allow ±2		*5748 – 57455750 – 5743±2
Arphaxad*5748 – 57455750 – 5743465
Cainan*5283 – 52805285 – 5278460
Shelah*4823 – 48204825 – 4818460
Eber*4363 – 43604365 – 4358504
Peleg*3859 – 38563861 – 3854339
Reu*3520 – 35173522 – 3515339
Serug*3181 – 31783183 – 3176330
Nahor*2851 – 28482853 – 2846208
Terah*2643 – 26402645-2638205
Abraham*2438 – 24352440-2433175
Isaac*2263 – 22602265-2258180
Jacob*2083 – 20802085-2078147
Levi*1936 – 19331938-1931137
Kohath*1799 – 17961801-1794133
Amram*1666 – 16631668-1661137
Aaron/Moses*1530/15261531-1524123.5/120
Death: Aaron/Moses*1407/1406NA(Exodus 1446)
Joshua begins new line1296NA110
Notes:
1. The seven-year column results from the 3-year gap between Aaron and Moses, with the ±2 years due to the 2-year anomaly at Shem (2+3+2=7).
2. Aaron and Moses are brothers. Aaron is 3 or 3.5 years older than Moses.
3. The Exodus marks the birth of Israel as a nation in 1446 BC.
4. The LXX includes Cainan between Arphaxad and Shelah, who is not present in the MT or SP chronologies.
5. See introductory notes for the “LXX Regular Short Chronology” and specifically for the lifespans of Lamech, Arphaxad, and Shelah.

SP Cumulative (‘Long’) Chronology Table

The Book of Jubilees, with its chronology, borrows from the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) for the timeline from Adam to the Flood. It identifies Shem as the firstborn. The SP Cumulative may reflect this tradition. If so, this places the adjustment of +/-2 years at the birth of Arphaxad (born two years after the Flood) rather than at the Flood itself, as seen in the Masoretic Text (MT) and the Septuagint (LXX). The table below aligns with the MT and LXX, dating Creation to 13403-13396 BC. Adjusting for the two-year difference, this dates Creation to 13401-13394 BC, and subsequently places Aaron and Moses at 1529-1522 BC.

The SP records Terah’s age as 145 instead of 205 (as in the MT and LXX), indicating that Terah died at Abraham’s call, consistent with Acts 7:4. See the note in the Regular SP for further implications.

Patriarch3-yr gap of Aaron/Moses (BC)7-yr Span
forwarded		Lifespan (years)
Adam*13401 – 1339813403 – 13396930
Seth*12471 – 1246812473 – 12466912
Enos*11559 – 1155611561 – 11554905
Kenan*10654 – 1065110656 – 10649910
Mahalaleel*9744 – 97419746 – 9739895
Jared*8849 – 88468851 – 8844847
Enoch*8002 – 79998004 – 7997365
Methuselah*7637 – 76347639 – 7632720
Lamech*6917 – 69146919 – 6912653
Noah*6264 – 62616266 – 6259950
Shem*5314 – 53115316 – 5309600
Flood to Arphaxad:
“Shem, Ham & Japheth” allow ±2		*4714 – 47114716 – 4709 ±2
Arphaxad*4714 – 47114716 – 4709438
Shelah*4276 – 42734278 – 4271433
Eber*3843 – 38403845 – 3838404
Peleg*3439 – 34363441 – 3434239
Reu*3200 – 31973202 – 3195239
Serug*2961 – 29582963 – 2956230
Nahor*2731 – 27282733 – 2726148
Terah*2583 – 25802585-2578145
Abraham*2438 – 24352440-2433175
Isaac*2263 – 22602265-2258180
Jacob*2083 – 20802085-2078147
Levi*1936 – 19331938-1931137
Kohath*1799 – 17961801-1794133
Amram*1666 – 16631668-1661137
Aaron/Moses*1529/15261531-1524123.5/120
Death: Aaron/Moses*1407/1406NA(Exodus 1446)
Joshua begins new line1296NA110

Notes:
1. The seven-year column results from the 3-year gap between Aaron and Moses, with the ±2 years due to the 2-year anomaly at Shem (2+3+2=7).
2. Aaron and Moses were brothers, with Aaron born 3.5 years before Moses.
3. The Exodus, dated to 1446 BC, marks the emergence of Israel as a nation.
4. The SP “120 yrs to the Flood” precisely aligns with the MT Flood (MT Flood: 4836-4829 to SP Flood: 4716-4709 BC), Gen. 6:3. Overlaying Shem’s 600 years in both chronologies reveals spans of 360 and 360 + 360, implying intentional design. Hence, the 120 may safely be included in chronologies, although omitted here. In the MT, the “120 yrs to the Flood” is precisely 70 x 7 x 7 yrs (3430 yrs) before Moses’ 120-yr lifespan, suggesting design based on 70 jubilees of 49 yrs, correlating with the LXX’s 4900 yrs from Shem to the Exodus.
5. Adam’s creation in 13,396 BC to Joshua’s death in 1296 BC spans 110 x 110 years, marking both the start and finish of the SP Cumulative Chronology. The number 110 symbolizes long life, as evidenced in Egyptian culture and Joseph’s lifespan. The Regular Chronology places Isaac’s birth at 2066 BC, which is 110 x 6 years to 1406 BC and thus 110 x 7 years to 1296 BC, marking Joshua’s death in the Cumulative Chronology—seven generations in total, averaging 110 years each.

Regular (‘Short’) Chronology Tables
Also, the counterpart of the Long-Cumulative Chronologies is the standard (“normal”) “Short” Chronologies. Click here for the complete tables of the standard chronologies of the MT, LXX, and SP.

And, Cumulative Chronology of Alternating Patriarchs: Consecutive Lifespan

The Divine Convergence: A Comprehensive Analysis of Matthew’s and Luke’s Genealogies Through Biblical Numerics and Generational Patterns (Pt. 1)

For more lists of genealogies from Genesis, follow the below links:

https://1260d.com/bible-chronology-23-bible-numeric-numbers-2300days-years/
https://1260d.com/timeline-from-creation-and-its-8-variations/

Moses’ Rod Swallows up the Sumerian King List